About Romania, The Dacian Kingdom and Romanians origins
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by "White-tailed Eagle" NGO Iceland,
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Romania is an European state in central geographic Europe and its beauty is given by the forested mountains with the largest bear populations in EU countries, large carnivore and virgin forests, Black Sea coast with Danube Delta, Transylvanian plateau with its hills and villages which are in part multicultural with Saxon Germans, Szeklers, Magyars, Romany and Romanians (people with origins back in antiquity from the Dacian Kingdom), Moldavian region on the East with Northern Bukovina with its Orthodox painted monasteries and Bessarabia and the Wallachia region with its original and authentic Romanian culture.
All these with the river valleys, the agriculture landscape with large pastureland and conserved countryside style and the Black Sea Coast with the largest migratory birds paradise Danube Delta make from Romania a vacation destination for every history or nature lover.
In ancient geography, especially in Roman sources, Dacia (The territory name, given by Romans to where is now Romania) was the land inhabited by the Dacians. The Greeks referred to them as the Getae (east of Dacia) and the Romans called them Daci.
Dacia of King Burebista (82–44 B.C.E.), stretching from the Southern Bug river in modern Ukraine to the Danube in modern Slovakia, and from the Balkan mountains in modern Bulgaria to Zakarpattia Oblast (Transcarpathia) in modern Ukraine.
The Roman province Dacia Trajana, established as a consequence of the Dacian Wars during 101–106 C.E., comprising the regions known today as Banat, Oltenia, and Transylvania.
The later Roman province: Dacia Aureliana, reorganized as Dacia Ripensis (as military province) and Dacia Mediterranea (as civil province), inside former Moesia Superior after the abandonment of former Dacia to the Goths and Carpians in 271.
The Romans conquered part of the Dacian Kingdom to the north of the Lower Danube under Emperor Trajan in 106. Its western territories were organized into the province of Dacia (or "Dacia Traiana"), but Maramureș and further regions inhabited by the Costoboci, Bastarnae and other tribes remained free of Roman rule.
Romania (map is showing the historical provinces of Romania during Middle ages) is formed by three historical provinces: Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia.
In our time Moldavia is devided in Bukovina (which is an Euroregion between Romania and Ukraine, Bessarabia (The Republic of Moldova) and Budjak (Bugeac) the lower part of Moldavia which is today part of Ukraine.
The left images represent historical province of Moldavia in the Middle age.
FROM WIKIPEDIA (ORIGINS of THE ROMANIANS)
Historic background
Three major ethnic groups – the Dacians, Illyrians and Thracians – inhabited the northern regions of Southeastern Europe in Antiquity.[4] Modern knowledge of their languages is based on limited evidence (primarily on proper names), making all scholarly theories proposing a strong relationship between the three languages or between Thracian and Dacian speculative.[5]The Illyrians were the first to be conquered by the Romans, who organized their territory into the province of Illyricum around 60 BC.[6] In the lands inhabited by Thracians, the Romans set up the province of Moesia in 6 AD, and Thracia forty years later.[7]The territory between the Lower Danube and the Black Sea (now Dobruja in Romania and Bulgaria) was attached to Moesia in 46.[8] The Romans annihilated the Dacian kingdom to the north of the Lower Danube under Emperor Trajan in 106.[9] Its western territories were organized into the province of Dacia (or "Dacia Traiana"), but Maramureș and further regions inhabited by the Costoboci, Bastarnae and other tribes remained free of Roman rule.[10] The Romans officially abandoned Dacia under Emperor Aurelian (r. 270–275).[11] The presence of a primarily Latin-speaking population in the former province after the legions and imperial administration had been withdrawn is the core of the debate between scholars who support the continuity theory and their opponents.[12]
Along with the abandonment of Dacia, Aurelian organized a new province bearing the same name ("Dacia Aureliana") south of the Lower Danube.[11] Roman forts were erected north of the river in the 320s,[13] but the river became the boundary between the empire and the Goths in the 360s.[14]Meanwhile, from 313 under the Edict of Milan, the Roman Empire began to transform itself into a Christian state.[15] Roman emperors supported Christian missionaries in the north-Danubian territories which were dominated by the Goths from the 340s.[16] The Huns destroyed all these territories between 376 and 406, but their empire also collapsed in 453.[17] Thereafter the Gepids exercised control over Banat, Crișana, and Transylvania.[18] The Bulgars, Antes, Sclavenes and other tribes made frequent raids across the Lower Danube against the Balkans in the 6th century.[19] The Roman Empire revived under Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565),[20] but the Avars, who had subjugated the Gepids,[21] invaded the Balkans from the 580s.[22] In 30 years all Roman troops were withdrawn from the peninsula, where only Dyrrhachium, Thessaloniki and a few other towns remained under Roman rule.[23]
The next arrivals, the Bulgars, established their own state on the Lower Danube in 681.[24] Their territorial expansion accelerated after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in the 790s.[25] The ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire, Boris I (r. 852–889) converted to Christianity in 864.[26] A synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Churchpromoted a liturgy in Old Church Slavonic in 893.[27] Bulgaria was invaded by the Magyars (or Hungarians) in 894,[28] but a joint counter-attack by the Bulgars and the Pechenegs – a nomadic Turkic people – forced the Magyars to find a new homeland in the Carpathian Basin.[29] Historians still debate whether they encountered a Romanian population in the territory.[30][31] The Byzantines occupied the greater part of Bulgaria under Emperor John I Tzimiskes (r. 969–976).[32] The Bulgars regained their independence during the reign of Samuel (r. 997–1014),[33] but Emperor Basil II of Byzantium conquered their country around 1018.[34]
The Hungarians' supreme ruler, Stephen, was baptized according to the Western rite.[35] He expanded his rule over new territories, including Banat.[36] [37][38][39]Pecheneg groups, pushed by the Ouzes – a coalition of Turkic nomads – sought asylum in the Byzantine Empire in the 1040s.[40] After the Ouzes there followed the Cumans – also a Turkic confederation – who took control of the Pontic steppes in the 1070s.[41][42] Thereafter, specific groups, including the Hungarian-speaking Székelys and the Pechenegs, defended the frontiers of the Kingdom of Hungary against them.[43] The arrival of mostly German-speaking colonists in the 1150s also reinforced the Hungarian monarch's rule in the region.[44][45]
The Byzantine authorities introduced new taxes, provoking an uprising in the Balkan Mountains in 1185.[46] The local Bulgarians and Vlachs achieved their independence and established the Second Bulgarian Empire in coalition with the Cumans.[47] A chieftain of the western Cuman tribes accepted Hungarian supremacy in 1227.[48] The Hungarian expansion towards the Pontic steppes was halted by the large Mongol campaign against Eastern and Central Europe in 1241.[49] Although the Mongols withdrew in a year, their invasion caused destruction throughout the region.[50]
The unification of small polities ruled by local Romanian leaders in Oltenia and Muntenia[50] led to the establishment of a new principality, Wallachia.[51] It achieved independence under Basarab the Founder, who defeated a Hungarian army in the battle of Posada in 1330.[51] A second principality, Moldavia, became independent in the 1360s under Bogdan I, a Romanian nobleman from Maramureș.[52]
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